The Massasoit, Joe-pye, used Eupatorium species to treat the fevers of malaria. Chimpanzees (see zoopharmacognosy thread) use Vernonia for deliberate self-medication. We hear the chimpanzee discourse: both Eupatorium and Vernonia have effects on the Plasmodium parasite due to such compounds as endo- and hydro-peroxides. Artemisia annua of Chinese medicine (called elsewhere 'Sweet Annie') has similar chemistries.